Editor-in-Chief: Elton Daniel
Professor Elton Daniel (A.B., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1970; Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin, 1978) taught Middle Eastern and Islamic History at the University of Hawaii from 1981 until his retirement in 2011. From 1997 to 2001, during periods of academic leave, he served as Associate Editor of the Encyclopaedia Iranica. He has also held a visiting position at the University of Chicago (1980-81) and research fellowships in London, Oxford, Paris, Leiden, Cairo, Damascus, Istanbul, and Tehran. In addition to numerous articles and reviews, Professor Daniel has authored, co-authored, or edited volumes including The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule (1979), A Shi’ite Pilgrimage to Mecca (1990), Qajar Society and Culture (2002), Culture and Customs of Iran (2006), and The History of Iran (2nd ed., 2012). He has continuing research interests in the history of early Islamic Iran, Islamic historiography in Persian and Arabic, and Persian travel literature of the Qajar period.
Associate Editor: Mohsen Ashtiany
A graduate of University of St. Andrews and Oxford University, Mohsen Ashtiany has taught Persian literature and history at Oxford University, University of Manchester and the University of California at Los Angeles and has held Visiting Fellowships at Harvard and Princeton. He is a member of the Editorial Board of A History of Persian Literature (in 18 volumes); co-editor of vol. II of the series and editor of vol. III. He is also a Fellow of the Stockholm Collegium of World Literary History, Stockholm University and author of the contributions on Classical Persian Poetry in the four-volume Literature: A World History, ed. David Damrosch et al. (2013). An annotated translation of Beyhaqi’s Tarikh-e Mas’udi, carried out in collaboration with Professor C. E. Bosworth, was published in three volumes in 2011.
Associate Editor: Mahnaz Moazami
Dr. Mahnaz Moazami is an Associate Research Scholar at Columbia University. She studied at the Sorbonne University in Paris where she earned her DEA degree in a joint program in Comparative Anthropology of Religions (Africa, America, Mediterranean, Far East), and her Ph.D. in History of Religions.
She has held post-doctoral research fellowships at Harvard and Yale universities, and has taught courses at the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies of Yeshiva University and at Columbia’s Department of Religion.
Her research focuses on history, languages, and religions of ancient Iran. She has written several articles and essays on different aspects of Zoroastrianism.
Her books include Wrestling with the Demons of the Pahlavi Widēwdād, a major source for the understanding of Zoroastrian purification laws (Brill, 2014); Zoroastrianism: A Collection of Articles from the Encyclopædia Iranica (EIF, 2016); and Laws of Ritual Purity: Zand ī Fragard ī Jud-Dēw-Dād, a commentary on the Pahlavi Widēwdād that provides an account of several developments in Sasanian intellectual life in the sixth century (Brill, 2021).
Managing Editor: Marie McCrone
Marisa “Marie” McCrone holds a Master of Science degree in International Relations with Distinction honors from the London School of Economics and Political Science, where she specialized in international law, conflict and peace studies, and international politics. She also holds a B.A. degree in International Relations and English from Syracuse University, and has more than a decade of research, editorial, publishing, and communications experience in international affairs, including for organizations such as the United Nations, NGOs, think tanks, and non-profits. Her interest in Iran includes twentieth- and twenty-first century Iran and its regional and global relations.
Hamid Algar, University of California, Berkeley (emeritus), Islamic Heritage
Abbas Amanat, Yale University, Qajar History
Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, École Pratique des Hautes Études, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Shi’ism
Steven C. Anderson, University of the Pacific (emeritus), Fauna
Hassan Ansari, Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, Classical Islam
Adam Becker, New York University, Assyrians
Michal Biran, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, History of the Mongol Period
Stephen Blum, Graduate Center, City University of New York, Music
Gerhard Böwering, Yale University, Sufism
Carlo G. Cereti, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza,” Sasanian History
Jamsheed Choksy, Indiana University, Modern Zoroastrianism
Farhad Daftary, Institute of Ismaili Studies, London, Ismailism
Agnes Devictor, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Media Studies
Devin A. DeWeese, Indiana University, Bloomington, Medieval and Pre-Modern Central Asia
Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, Institute of Iranian Studies, Freie Universität Berlin, Manicheism
Richard M. Eaton, University of Arizona, Indo-Persian Studies
Willem Floor, Bethesda, Md., Material Culture
Ali Gheissari, University of San Diego, Twentieth-Century Intellectual History
Bahram Grami, Winona, Minn., Flora
Wouter Henkelman, École Pratique des Hautes Études, University of Paris-Sorbonne, Elamite and Achaemenid History
Sooyong Kim, Koç Üniversitesi, Ottoman-Iranian Cultural Relations
Agnes Korn, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Linguistics
Sergio La Porta, California State University, Fresno, Early Armenia and Irano-Armenian Relations
Scott Levi, Ohio State University, Modern Central Asia
Paul Losensky, Indiana University, Classical Persian Literature
William Malandra, University of Minnesota (emeritus), Zoroastrian Religion
Rudi Matthee, University of Delaware, Safavid History
Eden Naby, Cambridge, Mass., Assyrians of Modern Iran
Mahmoud Omidsalar, California State University, Los Angeles, Folklore
Antonio Panaino, Università di Bologna, Ancient Iran
John Perry, University of Chicago (emeritus), 18th-Century Iranian History and Culture
Daniel T. Potts, New York University, Archeology
Houman Sarshar, Center for Iranian Jewish Oral History, New York, Judeo-Persian Studies
Rüdiger Schmitt, Saarland University, Germany (emeritus), Comparative Indo-European Linguistics and Indo-Iranian Studies
Nicholas Sims-Williams, School of Oriental and African Studies, London (emeritus), Iranian and Central Asian Philology
Prods Oktor Skjærvø, Harvard University (emeritus), Old and Middle Iranian Languages
Priscilla Soucek, New York University, Art History
Brian Spooner, University of Pennsylvania, Anthropology
Maria Szuppe, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, Tajikistan
Ernest Tucker, United States Naval Academy, Zand and Afsharid Periods
Elaine van Dalen, Columbia University, History of Science and Medicine
Ameneh Youssefzadeh, New York, N. Y., Music
Encyclopaedia Iranica articles in print up to volume XV used standard abbreviations for certain journals and shortened titles for frequently cited reference works. These have generally been retained in the versions of those articles in Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. The full bibliographical information for them may be found in the lists below.
Short Titles for Commonly Cited References
Transliteration of Persian and Arabic
AAASH
Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.
AION
Annali dell’Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli.
AJA
American Journal of Archeology.
AJSLL
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature.
AKM
Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
AMI and AMI N.F.
Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran.
AMIT
Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan.
AOASH
Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.
AoF
Altorientalische Forschungen.
APAW
Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
BSL
Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris.
BSOS
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies.
BSOAS
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.
FIZ
Farhang-e Irān-zamin.
HJAS
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies.
IF
Indogermanische Forschungen.
IHQ
Indian Historical Quarterly.
IIJ
Indo-Iranian Journal.
IJMES
International Journal of Middle East Studies.
Iran BIPS
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies.
Isl.
Der Islam.
JA
Journal asiatique.
JAOS
Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JASB
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
JESHO
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.
JIS
Journal of Islamic Studies.
JNES
Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
JPHS
Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society.
JPS
Journal of Persianate Studies.
JRAS
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JRASB
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
JRGS
Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London.
MDAT
Majalla-ye Dāneškada-ye adabiyāt o ʿolum-e ensāni-e Dānešgāh-e Tabriz.
MDAF
Majalla-ye Dāneškada-ye adabiyāt o ʿolum-e ensāni-e Dānešgāh-e Ferdowsi.
MDAFA
Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan.
MDAFI
Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran.
MDAM
Majalla-ye Dāneškada-ye adabiyāt o ʿolum-e ensāni-e Dānešgāh-e Mašhad.
MDAT
Majalla-ye Dāneškada-ye adabiyāt o ʿolum-e ensāni-e Dānešgāh-e Tehrān.
MDOG
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin.
MIDEO
Mélanges – Institut dominicain d’études orientales du Caire.
MO
Le monde oriental.
MSL
Mémoires de la Société de linguistique de Paris.
MSS
Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft.
NC
Numismatic Chronicle.
NDA Tabriz
Našriya-ye Dāneškada-ye adabiyāt o ʿolum-e ensāni-e Dānešgāh-e Tabriz.
NTS
Norsk tidsskrift for sprogvidenskap/Norwegian Journal of Linguistics.
OLZ
Orientalistische Literaturzeitung.
PRGS
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.
RA
Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale.
RAA
Revue des arts asiatiques.
REA
Revue des études arméniennes.
REI
Revue des études islamiques.
RHR
Revue de l’histoire des religions.
RMM
Revue du monde musulman.
SPAW
Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Stud. Ir.
Studia Iranica.
Stud. Isl.
Studia Islamica.
Stud. Or.
Studia Orientalia.
TPS
Transactions of the Philological Society (London).
VDI
Vestnik drevniĭ istorii.
WI
Die Welt des Islams.
WZKM
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
ZA
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete.
ZDMG
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.
ZII
Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik.
ZVS
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung.
Aarne-Thompson
A. Aarne, The Types of the Folk-Tale: A Classification and Bibliography, tr. and ed. Stith Thompson, 2nd ed., Helsinki, 1961; orig., A. Arne, Verzeichnis der Märchentypen, Helsinki, 1910.
Aḡāni1
Abu’l-Faraj ʿAli b. al-Ḥosayn Qoraši Eṣfahāni, Ketāb al-aḡāni, 20 vols., ed, Naṣr Hurini, Bulāq, 1868-69.
Aḡāni2
Abu’l-Faraj ʿAli b. al-Ḥosayn Qoraši Eṣfahāni, Ketāb al-aḡāni, ed. Aḥmad Šenqiṭi, 25 vols., Cairo, 1905-6; repr. of the editions of Hurini and Brünnow, with the Tables.
Aḡāni3
Abu’l-Faraj ʿAli b. al-Ḥosayn Qoraši Eṣfahāni, Ketāb al-aḡāni, vol. I-, Cairo, 1926-; also known as Dār al-kotob edition.
Aḡāni, Brünnow
Abu’l-Faraj ʿAli b. al-Ḥosayn Qoraši Eṣfahāni, The Twenty-First Volume of the Kitâb al-aghânî: Being a Collection of Biographies not Contained in the Edition of Bûlâq, ed. Rudolf-Ernst Brünnow, Leiden, 1888.
Aḡāni Tables
Ignazio Guidi et al., Tables alphabétiques du Kitâb al-aġânî, 2 vols., Leiden, 1895-1900.
Agathangelos, History, tr. Thomson
Agatʿangelay, History of the Armenians, tr. R. W. Thomson Albany, N.Y., 1976; covers Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, pars. 1-258.
Agathangelos, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ
Agatʿangelay, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, ed. G. Tēr-Mkrtʿean and S. Kanayeancʿ, Tiflis, 1909.
Agathangelos, Teaching of St. Gregory
Agatʿangelay, The Teaching of St. Gregory: An Early Armenian Catechism, tr. R. W. Thomson, Cambridge, Mass., 1970; covers Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ, pars. 259-715.
Āʾin-e akbari, ed. Blochmann
Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmi, Āʾin-e akbari, ed. Henry Blochmann, 2 vols., Calcutta, 1867-77.
Āʾin-e akbari, tr. Blochmann
Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmi, The Ain i Akbari, vol. I, tr. H. Blochmann, Calcutta, 1873; vols. II-III, tr. H. S. Jarrett, Calcutta, 1891-1894.
Āʾin-e akbari, ed. Phillott
Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmi, The Ain i Akbari, trs. H. Blochmann and H. S. Jarrett, rev. D. C. Phillott and J. Sarkar, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1927-49.
AirWb.
Christian Bartholomae, Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Strassburg, 1904.
Akbar-nāma
Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmi, Akbar-nāma, eds. Āqā Aḥmad ʿAli and Mawlawi ʿAbd-al-Raḥim, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1873-87.
Akbar-nāma, tr. Beveridge
Abu’l-Fażl ʿAllāmi, Akbar-nāma, tr. Henry Beveridge, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1897-1902.
Aʿlām-al-šiʿa
Āqā Bozorg Ṭehrāni, Ṭabaqāt aʿlām al-šiʿa, ed. Moḥammad Ṭabāṭabāʾi al-Behbahāni, 17 vols., Tehran, 2009; each vol. has a separate title; orig., vol. 1-, Najaf, 1954-.
ANRW I
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: I - Von den Anfängen Roms bis zum Ausgang der Republik, ed. Hildegard Temporini, 4 vols., Berlin, 1972-73.
ANRW II
Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: II - Principat, eds. Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, vol. I-, Berlin, 1974-.
Āryanpur, Az Ṣabā tā Nimā
Yaḥyā Āryanpur, Az Ṣabā tā Nimā: Tāriḵ-e 150 sāl adab-e fārsi, vols. I-II, Tehran, 1971.
Āryanpur, Az Ṣabā tā Nimā III
Yaḥyā Āryanpur, Az Nimā tā ruzgār-e mā: Tāriḵ-adab-e fārsi-e moʿāṣer, Tehran, 1995.
Ašʿari, Maqālāt
Abu’l-Ḥasan ʿAli b. Esmāʿil Ašʿari, Ketāb maqālāt al-eslāmiyin wa-eḵtelāf al-moṣallin: Die dogmatischen Lehren der Anhänger des Islam, ed. H. Ritter, 2 vols. and index, Istanbul, 1929-33.
Ātaškada
Loṭf-ʿAli Beg Āḏar Bigdeli, Ātaškada, ed. Ḥasan Sādāt Nāṣeri, 4 vols., Tehran, 1957-99.
Avesta, ed. Geldner
K. F. Geldner, ed., Avesta: Die heiligen Bücher der Parsen, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1885-95.
Avesta, tr. Darmesteter
James Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta: Traduction nouvelle avec commentaire historique et philologique, 3 vols., Paris, 1892-93.
ʿAwfi, Lobāb
Moḥammad ʿAwfi, Lobāb al-albāb, eds. E. G. Browne and M. Qazvini, 2 vols., Leiden, 1903-1906.
ʿAwfi, ed. Nafisi
Moḥammad ʿAwfi, Lobāb al-albāb, eds. E. G. Browne and M. Qazvini, rev. Saʿid Nafisi, Tehran, 1957.
Aʿyān al-šiʿa
Moḥsen Amin Ḥosayni ʿĀmeli, Aʿyān al-šiʿa, 14 vols., Damascus, 1935‑39.
Bābor-nāma
Ẓahir-al-Din Moḥammad Bābor, Bābor-nāma, ed. Annette S. Beveridge, Leiden, 1905; facsim. ed. of the Hyderabad codex with indices.
Bābor-nāma, tr. Beveridge
Ẓahir-al-Din Moḥammad Bābor, Memoirs of Babur, tr. A. S. Beveridge, 2 vols., London, 1922.
Badāʾuni, Montaḵab
ʿAbd-al-Qāder Badāʾuni, Montaḵab al-tawāriḵ, eds. Aḥmad ʿAli and W. N. Lees, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1865-69.
Badāʾuni, Montaḵab, tr. Ranking
Abu Manṣur ʿAbd-al-Qāder Badāʾuni, Montaḵab al-tawāriḵ, trs. G. S. A. Ranking, W. H. Lowe, and W. Haig, 3 vols., Calcutta, 1884-1925.
Baḡdādi, Farq, ed. ʿAbd-al-Ḥamid
Abu Manṣur ʿAbd-al-Qāher b. Ṭāher Baḡdādi, Ketāb al-farq bayn al-feraq, ed. M. M. ʿAbd-al-Ḥamid, Cairo, 1964.
Baḡdādi, Farq, ed. Badr
Abu Manṣur ʿAbd-al-Qāher b. Ṭāher b. Moḥammad Baḡdādi, Ketāb al-farq bayn al-feraq, ed. Moḥammad Badr, Cairo, 1910.
Bailey, Zoroastrian Problems
H. W. Bailey, Zoroastrian Problems in the Ninth-Century Books, Oxford, 1943; repr., with new introd. and index, Oxford, 1971.
Balāḏori, Ansāb
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Jāber Balāḏori, Ketāb ansāb al-ašrāf, vol. IVb, ed. Max Schlössinger, Jersualem, 1935; vol. V, ed. S. D. Goitein, Jerusalem, 1936.
Balāḏori, Ansāb, ed. Beirut
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Jāber Balāḏori, Ketāb ansāb al-ašrāf, eds. ʿAbd-al-ʿAziz Duri et al., vol. I-, Wiesbaden, 1978-.
Balāḏori, Ansāb, ed. Damascus
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Jāber Balāḏori, Ketāb ansāb al-ašrāf, 20 vols., Damascus, n.d. (1990s).
Balāḏori, Fotuḥ
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Jāber Balāḏori, Ketāb fotuḥ al-boldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden, 1866; Ar. text with Latin commentary.
Balāḏori, Fotuḥ, ed. Monajjed
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Jāber Balāḏori, Ketāb fotuḥ al-boldān, ed. Ṣalāḥ-al-Din Monajjed, 3 vols., Cairo, 1956-57.
Balʿami, ed. Bahār
Abu ʿAli Moḥammad Balʿami, Tāriḵ-e Balʿami, ed. M.-T. Bahār, Tehran, 1962.
Balʿami, ed. Rowšan
Abu ʿAli Moḥammad Balʿami, Tāriḵ-nāma-ye Ṭabari gardānida-ye mansub ba Balʿami, ed. Moḥammad Rowšan, 3 vols., Tehran, 1987.
Balʿami, tr. Zotenberg
Moḥammad b. Jarir Ṭabari, La chronique sur la version persane d’Abou-ʿAli Mohammad Belʿami, tr. Hermann Zotenberg, 4 vols., Paris, 1867-74.
Bāmdād, Rejāl
Mehdi Bāmdād, Šarḥ-e ḥāl-e rejāl-e Irān dar qorun-e davāzdahom va sizdahom va čahār-dahom-e hejri, 6 vols., Tehran, 1966-78.
Barthold, Turkestan3
V. V. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion, 3rd ed., London, 1969.
Bayāni, Ḵošnevisān
Mehdi Bayāni, Aḥvāl o āṯār-e ḵošnevisān: Nastaʿliq-nevisān, 3 vols., Tehran, 1966-69.
Bayhaqi, ed. Fayyāż
Abu’l-Fażl Bayhaqi, Tāriḵ-e masʿudi, ed. ʿAli‑Akbar Fayyāż, Mashad, 1971.
Bayhaqi, ed. Nafisi
Abu’l-Fażl Bayhaqi, Tāriḵ-e masʿudi, ed. Saʿid Nafisi, 3 vols., Tehran, 1940-53.
Bayhaqi, ed. Yāḥaqqi
Abu’l-Fażl Bayhaqi, Tāriḵ-e masʿudi, eds. Moḥammad Jaʿfar Yāḥaqqi and Mehdi Sayyedi, 2 vols., Tehran, 2009.
Belgrāmi, Ḵezāna
Āzād Belgrāmi, Ḵezāna-ye ʿāmera, Cawnpore, 1871.
Biruni, Āṯār
Abu Rayḥān Biruni, Ketāb al-āṯār al-bāqia ʿan al-qorun al-ḵālia, ed. Eduard Sachau, Leipzig, 1878.
Biruni, Āṯār, tr. Sachau
Abu Rayḥān Biruni, Chronologie orientalischer Völker, tr. Eduard Sachau, London, 1879.
Borhān-e qāṭeʿ, ed. Moʿin
Moḥammad Ḥosayn b. Ḵalaf Tabrizi, Borhān-e qāṭeʿ, ed. Moḥammad Moʿin, 6 vols., Tehran, 1963-73.
Bosworth, Ghaznavids
C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 944-1040, Edinburgh, 1963.
Bosworth, Later Ghaznavids
C. E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186, Edinburgh, 1977.
Boyce, “Middle Persian Literature”
Mary Boyce, “Middle Persian Literature,” in Iranistik: 2. Abschnitt – Literatur, HO I, IV, 2/1, Leiden, 1968, pp. 31-66.
Boyce, Zoroastrianism
Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism, vols. I-II, Leiden, 1975-82.
Boyce and Grenet, Zoroastrianism
Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. III, Leiden, 1991.
Brill’s New Pauly
Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, 20 vols. plus 2 vols. of indices, Leiden, 2002-2010; tr. of Der Neue Pauly, 16 vols., Stuttgart, 1996-2003.
Browne, Lit. Hist. Persia
E. G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, 4 vols., London, 1902-24.
Browne, Persian Revolution
E. G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909, London, 1910.
Browne, Press and Poetry
E. G. Browne, The Press and Poetry of Modern Persia Partly Based on the Manuscript Work of Mírzá Muḥammad ʿAlí Khán “Tarbiyat” of Tabríz, Cambridge, 1914.
Bundahišn (DH)
P. K. Anklesaria, ed., The Codex DH, Being a Facsimile Edition of Bondahesh, Zand-e Vohuman Yasht, and Parts of the Denkard, Tehran, n.d. [1970].
Bundahišn (TD1)
P. K. Anklesaria, ed., The Bondahesh, Tehran, n.d. [1970]; facsim. ed. of MS TD 1.
Bundahišn (TD2)
T. D. Anklesaria, ed., The Bûndahishn, Bombay, 1908; facsim. ed. of MS TD 2.
Bundahišn, tr. Anklesaria
B. T. Anklesaria, ed. and tr., Zand-Ākāsih: Iranian or Greater Bundahišn, Bombay, 1956.
CAH2
Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., 12 vols., Cambridge, 1928-39.
CAH3
Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., 2 vols. in 4, Cambridge, 1970-75.
Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvini
Aḥmad b. ʿOmar b. ʿAli Neẓāmi ʿArużi Samarqandi, Čahār maqāla, ed. Moḥammad Qazvini, rev. Moḥammad Moʿin, Tehran, 1952.
Camb. Hist. Iran
The Cambridge History of Iran, 7 vols. in 8, Cambridge, 1968-91.
Cat. Bankipore
E. Denison Ross, J. A. Chapman, et al., Catalogue of the Arabic and Persian Manuscripts in the Oriental Public Library at Bankipore, 25 vols., Calcutta, 1908-42.
Cat. Bibliothèque Nationale
Edgar Blochet, Catalogue des manuscrits persans de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 4 vols., Paris, 1905-34.
Cat. Bibliothèque Nationale, Richard
Francis Richard, Catalogue des manuscrits persans: I – Ancien fonds, Paris, 1989.
Cat. Bodleian Library
Eduard Sachau, Hermann Ethé, and A. F. L. Beeston, Catalogue of the Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, and Pushtu Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, 3 vols., Oxford, 1889-1954.
Cat. Chester Beatty Library
A. J. Arberry, M. Minovi et al., The Chester Beatty Library: A Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts and Miniatures, 3 vols., Dublin, 1959-62.
CDAFI
Cahiers de la Délégation archéologique française en Iran, 15 vols., Paris, 1971-87.
Christensen, Iran Sass.
Arthur Christensen, L’Iran sous les Sassanides, 2nd ed., Copenhagen, 1944.
Corpus Inscr. Iran.
Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum, vol. I-, London, 1955‑.
CSCO
Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, vol. I-, Paris, 1903-; the writings of the Eastern Church Fathers in critical edition and modern translation.
Curzon, Persian Question
G. N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, 2 vols., London, 1892.
Dādistān ī dēnīg
T. D. Anklesaria, ed., The Dadistan-i Dinik, Part I, Pursishn I-XL, Bombay, 1913.
al-Ḏariʿa
Āqā Bozorg Ṭehrāni, al-Ḏariʿa elā taṣānif al-šiʿa, 24 vols. in 27, Najaf, 1936-78.
Dawlatābādi, Ḥayāt-e Yaḥyā
Yaḥyā Dawlatābādi, Tāriḵ-e moʿāṣer yā ḥayāt-e Yaḥyā, 4 vols., Tehran, n.d.; introd. dated 1336 Š./1957.
Dawlatšāh, ed. Browne
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Šehāb-al-Din Abu ʿAbd-Allāh Yāqut b. ʿAbd-Allāh Ḥamawi, Moʿjam al-boldān, ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, 6 vols., Leipzig, 1866-73.
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TRANSLITERATION OF PERSIAN AND ARABIC |
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The system employed here aims to achieve simplicity and accuracy. It has been jointly adopted by the Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum and Encyclopædia Iranica. Transliteration of Arabic words and, in most cases, words of Arabic origin in Persian follows the system used for Persian, with the exceptions noted below. |
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Consonants | Vowels & Diphthongs | ||||||||
Persian |
Arabic |
Persian |
Arabic |
Persian |
Arabic |
||||
ء |
ʾ |
ص |
ṣ |
آ ،ا ،یٰ |
ā |
||||
ب |
b |
ض |
ż |
َ |
a |
||||
پ |
p |
ط |
ṭ |
و |
u |
||||
ت |
t |
ظ |
ẓ |
ُ |
o |
||||
ث |
ṯ |
ع |
ʿ |
ی |
i |
||||
ج |
j |
غ |
ḡ |
ِ |
e |
|
|||
چ |
č |
ف |
f |
|
|
|
|||
ح |
ḥ |
ق |
q |
ـه، ـة، ة | a | ||||
خ |
ḵ |
ک |
k |
|
|
||||
د |
d |
گ |
g |
وَ | ow | aw | |||
ذ |
ẕ |
ḏ |
ل |
l |
َ ى | ey | ay | ||
ر |
r |
م |
m |
خوا | ḵᵛā | ||||
ز |
z |
ن |
n |
||||||
ژ |
ž |
و |
v |
w |
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س |
s |
ہ |
h |
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ش |
š |
ی |
y |
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Note: When an Arabic word ending in a long vowel is followed by the definite article al-, the macron is omitted and the words are elided: e.g., fi and al- become fi’l; Abu and al- become Abu’l; etc. When the Arabic ending ــة is in construct, it is transliterated as at. For Dari and early Persian, the majhul vowels و and ى may be transliterated as ō and ē respectively. The Persian eżāfa is rendered as -e after consonants and the vowel i and as -ye after other vowels. For words in modern Persian of Arabic origin, the consonant و may be transliterated as “v” or “w” depending on the syntax and context. Ottoman Turkish follows the system for Persian, with the addition of the vowels ö, ü, ı. |